CASUARINA CURRY MENU SINGAPORE [PRICE 2025]
Looking for tasty Indian food in Singapore? Casuarina Curry has it all—fluffy Prata, rich Mutton Curry & flavorful Bryani! Check out the Casuarina Curry menu & prices, visit our MacPherson restaurant, or try our catering! Spice up your meal today!
CASUARINA CURRY Profile Overview:
| Field | Details |
|---|---|
| Restaurant Name | Casuarina Curry |
| Type of Restaurant | Indian Cuisine |
| Number of Outlets in Singapore | At least 3 locations: Casuarina Road, MacPherson Road, and Sixth Avenue. |
| Famous Dishes | Prata, Mutton Curry, Fish Head Curry |
| Halal Certification | Yes |
| Average Rating | 3.5 out of 5 on TripAdvisor |
| Contact Information | – Casuarina Road: 136, 138 Casuarina Road, Singapore 579524. Tel: 6455 9093 casuarinacurry.com – MacPherson Road: 187 MacPherson Road, Singapore 348545. Tel: 6285 9001 |
| Operating Hours | – Casuarina Road: Not specified – MacPherson Road: Mon–Thu: 10 AM – 11 PM; Fri: 10 AM – 12 AM; Sat: 8 AM – 12 AM; Sun: 8 AM – 11 PM |
| Delivery Availability | Yes, delivery options are available |
| Menu | Price |
|---|---|
| Best Combo Deals | |
| Curry Fish Head Set Meal Serves 2pax. Angoli Curry FIsh Head, 2 Steamed Rice, Veg of the day, Papadam, 2 Indian Tea Tarik | S$34.80 |
| Lamb Shank Briyani Combo Set Serves 4-5 pax, Briyani Rice, Signature Lamb Shank Masala 2pc, Masala Chicken, Omelet, Veg of the day, Papadams | S$69.90 |
| 4 Pax Naan Combo Serves 4 Pax, 4 Plain Naan, 4 Butter Naan, 2 Butter Chicken, 2 Channa Masala | S$44.90 |
| 4 Pax Prata Combo Serves 4 Pax, 4 Plain Prata, 4 Egg Prata, 1 Masala Chicken Large, 1 Curry Mutton Large | S$39.90 |
| Masala Chicken Briyani Flavorful briyani rice with our signature masala chicken. | S$9.50 |
| CHAI Bubble Tea Series | |
| Brown Sugar Teh O Bubble Tea Brown Sugar Teh O Bubble Tea | S$6.50 |
| Brown Sugar Teh Tarik Bubble Tea Brown Sugar Teh Tarik Bubble Tea | S$6.50 |
| Brown Sugar Masala Bubble Milk Chai Brown Sugar Masala Bubble Milk Chai | S$7.50 |
| Lychee Bubble Tea Lychee Bubble Tea | S$7.50 |
| Set Meals | |
| Chicken Briyani Set Meal with Teh Tarik Signature Dish Flavorful briyani rice with our signature masala chicken and traditional Indian teh tarik. | S$11.30 |
| Mutton Briyani Set Meal with Teh Tarik Flavorful briyani rice with tender cubes of boneless curry mutton and traditional Indian teh tarik. | S$11.30 |
| Fish Briyani Set Meal with Teh Tarik Flavorful briyani rice with a slice of angoli fish and traditional Indian teh tarik. | S$10.00 |
| Vegetarian Briyani Set Meal with Teh Tarik Flavorful briyani rice with 3 vegetables of the day, dhall and traditional Indian teh tarik. | S$10.00 |
| Butter Chicken Briyani Set Meal with Teh Tarik Signature Dish Flavorful briyani rice with our signature boneless chunks of butter chicken and traditional Indian teh tarik. | S$13.91 |
| Chicken Tikka Briyani Set Meal with Teh Tarik Chicken Tikka Briyani Set Meal with Teh Tarik | S$13.91 |
| 2 Plain Naan + Butter Chicken Set Meal with Teh Tarik 2 Plain Naan + Butter Chicken Set Meal with Teh Tarik | S$15.30 |
| 2 Plain Naan + Chicken Tikka Set Meal with Teh Tarik 2 Plain Naan + Chicken Tikka Set Meal with Teh Tarik | S$15.30 |
| Garlic + Plain Naan + Butter Chicken Set Meal with Teh Tarik Signature Dish | S$16.50 |
| Butter + Plain Naan + Butter Chicken Set Meal with Teh Tarik Butter + Plain Naan + Butter Chicken Set Meal with Teh Tarik | S$16.50 |
| Butter + Plain Naan + Chicken Tikka Set Meal with Teh Tarik Butter + Plain Naan + Chicken Tikka Set Meal with Teh Tarik | S$16.50 |
| 2 Plain Prata + Masala Chicken Set Meal with Teh Tarik 2 Plain Prata + Masala Chicken Set Meal with Teh Tarik | S$10.70 |
| 2Plain Prata + Curry Mutton Set Meal with Teh Tarik 2Plain Prata + Curry Mutton Set Meal with Teh Tarik | S$10.70 |
| Egg + Plain Prata + Masala Chicken Set Meal with Teh Tarik Signature Dish | S$12.60 |
| Egg + Plain Prata + Curry Mutton Set Meal with Teh Tarik Egg + Plain Prata + Curry Mutton Set Meal with Teh Tarik | S$12.60 |
| Roti Prata | |
| Plain Prata Signature Dish | S$1.80 |
| Paper Prata Plain Crispy Prata | S$2.50 |
| Egg Prata Prata with Egg Filling | S$3.50 |
| Onion Prata Prata with Onion Filling | S$2.80 |
| Plaster Prata Prata with Sunny Side-up Egg | S$3.50 |
| Cheese Prata Prata with Cheese Filling | S$5.00 |
| Garlic Prata Prata with Garlic Filling | S$3.60 |
| Prata Bomb Prata with Butter & Sugar Fillings | S$5.00 |
| Milky Prata Prata with Condense Milk & Egg Filling | S$5.00 |
| Chocolate Prata Prata with Chocolate Sauce Topping | S$4.80 |
| Banana Prata Prata with Banana Filling & Caramel Sauce Topping | S$5.00 |
| Banana & Chocolate Prata Prata with Banana Filling & Chocolate Sauce Topping | S$7.00 |
| Egg Mroom Prata Prata with Egg & Sliced Buttton Mushroom Filling | S$5.70 |
| Egg Mroom Cheese Prata Signature Dish | S$7.00 |
| Egg,Mushroom Cheese Onion Garlic & Chilli Prata Egg,Mushroom Cheese Onion Garlic & Chilli Prata | S$8.90 |
| Double Egg Prata Prata with Double Egg Filling | S$5.00 |
| Double Egg Onion Prata Prata with Double Egg & Onion Filling | S$5.90 |
| Double Egg Cheese Prata Prata with Double Egg & Cheese Filling | S$7.70 |
| Egg & Gar Prata Prata with Egg & Garlic Filling | S$5.00 |
| Egg Onion Prata Prata with Egg & Onion Filling | S$4.50 |
| Egg, Onion & Chilli Prata Prata with Egg, Onion & Chili Filling | S$5.20 |
| Egg, Onion & Garlic Prata Prata with Egg, Onion & Garlic Powder Filling | S$5.70 |
| Egg, Onion & Cheese Prata Prata with Egg, Onion & Cheese Filling | S$7.00 |
| Egg Cheese Prata Prata with Egg & Cheese Filling | S$6.40 |
| Egg Sausage Prata Prata with Egg & Chicken Sausage Filling | S$5.70 |
| Egg Cheese Sausage Prata Prata with Egg, Cheese & Chicken Sausage Filling | S$7.00 |
| Garlic & Cheese Prata Prata with Garlic Powder & Cheese Filling | S$6.00 |
| Onion & Garlic Prata Prata with Onion & Garlic Powder Filling | S$4.20 |
| Plaster Cheese Prata Prata with Sunny Side-up Egg on top & Cheese Filling | S$6.30 |
| North Indian Specials | |
| Plain naan Plain naan | S$3.40 |
| Butter Naan naan with butter topping | S$4.70 |
| Garlic Naan naan with garlic topping | S$4.70 |
| Cheese naan naan with cheese topping | S$5.80 |
| Buter Garlic Naan Signature Dish | S$5.90 |
| Cheese Garlic Naan Cheese Garlic Naan | S$7.00 |
| Butter chicken Tender Boneless Chicken cooked in tomato & onion based gravy | S$9.80 |
| Chicken Tikka Chicken Tikka | S$9.80 |
| Panner Butter Masala Panner Butter Masala | S$6.50 |
| Channa masala Chickpeas cooked in yellow gravy | S$5.50 |
| Meat and Sea food | |
| Chicken Fried Chicken Fried | S$7.00 |
| Chicken Masala Signature Dish | S$7.00 |
| Chicken Sambal Signature Dish | S$7.00 |
| Mutton Curry Signature Dish | S$8.50 |
| Mutton Curry Signature Dish | S$8.50 |
| Fish Fried Fish Fried | S$5.30 |
| Fish Sambal Fish Sambal | S$5.30 |
| Fish Curry Fish Curry | S$5.30 |
| Sotong Sambal Sotong Sambal | S$8.00 |
| Fish Cutlet Fish Cutlet | S$2.60 |
| Fish Head Curry (servers 2 to 3pax) Signature Dish | S$31.90 |
| Sambal Egg Sambal Egg | S$1.50 |
| Egg Omelette Egg Omelette | S$3.90 |
| Lamb Shank Lamb Shank | S$20.90 |
| Veg of the day Veg of the day | S$3.50 |
| Briyani | |
| Lamb Shank Briyani Fragrant yellow basmati rice with herbs & spices served with slow cooked tender Lamb Shank in tomato & onion based gravy, achar & papadam. | S$23.90 |
| Chicken Briyani Fragrant yellow basmati rice with herbs & spices served with chicken, boiled sambal egg, achar & papadam | S$10.90 |
| Mutton Briyani Fragrant yellow basmati rice with herbs & spices served with mutton, boiled sambal egg, achar & papadam | S$11.90 |
| Fish Briyani Fragrant yellow basmati rice with herbs & spices served with fish, boiled sambal egg, achar & papadam | S$9.90 |
| Vegetarian Briyani Fragrant yellow basmati rice with herbs & spices served with three vegetables of the day,dhall gravy & papadam | S$9.90 |
| Butter Chicken Briyani Fragrant yellow basmati rice with herbs & spices served with tender chicken cooked from the tandoor cooked in tomato & onion based gravy, boiled sambal egg, achar & papadam | S$12.90 |
| Chicken Tikka Briyani Fragrant yellow basmati rice with herbs & spices served with tender chicken cooked in the tandoor, boiled sambal egg, achar & papadam | S$12.90 |
| Plain Briyani Rice Fragrant yellow basmati rice with herbs & spices | S$4.00 |
| Murtabak | |
| Murtabak Chicken Murtabak Chicken | S$11.50 |
| Murtabak Mutton Murtabak Mutton | S$11.50 |
| Murtabak Sardine Murtabak Sardine | S$11.50 |
| Murtabak Vegetarian Murtabak Vegetarian | S$10.50 |
| Murtabak Mala Murtabak Mala | S$14.50 |
| Goreng | |
| Bee Hoon White rice noodle cooked with egg, vegetables & sambal chilli with sunny side-up egg | S$6.50 |
| Kway Teow White flat rice noodle cooked with egg, vegetables & sambal chilli with sunny side-up egg | S$6.50 |
| Maggie Maggie noodle cooked with egg, vegetables & sambal chili with sunny side-up egg | S$6.50 |
| Mee Goreng Yellow rice noodle cooked with egg, vegetables & sambal chili with sunny side-up egg | S$6.50 |
| Nasi Goreng rice noodle cooked with egg, vegetables & sambal chili with sunny side-up egg | S$6.50 |
| White Rice Meal | |
| White Rice – Chicken Set Plain rice served with chicken, 1 vegetable of the day, achar, rasam & papadam | S$9.90 |
| White Rice – Mutton Set Plain rice served with mutton, 1 vegetable of the day, achar, rasam & papadam | S$10.90 |
| White Rice – Fish Set Plain rice served with fish, 1 vegetable of the day, achar, rasam & papadam | S$9.00 |
| White Rice-Sotong Set White Rice-Sotong Set | S$9.90 |
| White Rice – Vegetarian Set Plain rice served with 3 vegetables of the day,dhall gravy, rasam, yoghurt & papadam | S$8.90 |
| White Rice – Butter Chicken Set Plain rice served with tender chicken cooked in the tandoor, 1 vegetable of the day, achar, rasam & papadam | S$11.90 |
| White Rice – Tikka Set Plain rice served with tender chicken cooked from the tandoor cooked in tomato & onion based gravy, 1 vegetable of the day, achar, rasam & papadam | S$11.90 |
| Plain Rice Plain Rice | S$2.00 |
| Uttappam | |
| Uttappam – Cheese Signature Dish | S$5.20 |
| Uttappam – Onion Uttappam – Onion | S$4.20 |
| Uttappam – Plain Uttappam – Plain | S$3.00 |
| Uttappam – Tomato Uttappam – Tomato | S$4.60 |
| Thosai | |
| Thosai- Plain Plain Crepe made from Rice Flour | S$3.40 |
| Thosai- Paper Thin Crispy Thosai | S$4.50 |
| Thosai- Egg Thosai with Egg Filling | S$5.70 |
| Thosai – Onion Thosai with Onion Filling | S$4.50 |
| Thosai Masala Thosai with Potato Masala Filling | S$4.90 |
| Thosai-Ghee Thosai with Ghee Filling | S$5.20 |
| Drinks | |
| Teh O Teh O | S$1.70 |
| Teh Signature Dish | S$1.90 |
| Teh Chino Signature Dish | S$3.50 |
| Ginger Teh Ginger Teh | S$2.30 |
| Ginger Tea Chino Ginger Tea Chino | S$3.90 |
| Kopi Kopi | S$1.70 |
| Kopi Chino Kopi Chino | S$3.50 |
| Milo Milo | S$2.20 |
| Milo Dinosaur Ice Signature Dish | S$5.50 |
| Nescafe Nescafe | S$2.60 |
| Neslo Neslo | S$2.60 |
| Bru Coffee Bru Coffee | S$2.60 |
| Masala Tea Masala Tea | S$3.50 |
| Tea O Limau Ice Tea O Limau Ice | S$3.90 |
| Coke Coke | S$2.30 |
| Coke Zero Coke Zero | S$2.30 |
| Sprite Sprite | S$2.30 |
| 100 Plus 100 Plus | S$2.30 |
| Green Tea Green Tea | S$2.30 |
| Ribena Ribena | S$2.60 |
| Qoo Signature Dish | S$2.60 |
| Mineral water Mineral water | S$2.30 |
| Lassi Mango Signature Dish | S$5.20 |
| Lassi Salted Lassi Salted | S$3.90 |
| Lassi Sweet Lassi Sweet | S$3.90 |
| Bandung Bandung | S$2.80 |
| Lime Juice Signature Dish | S$3.50 |
| Lychee Lychee | S$3.90 |
| Syrup Limau Syrup Limau | S$3.90 |
| Blueberry Fizz Blueberry Fizz | S$5.20 |
| Snacks | |
| Papadam Papadam | S$1.90 |
Family Activities Of CASUARINA CURRY Menu Singapore Table
| Activity/Category | Menu Item | Description | Suitable For |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sharing Platters | Family Platter | A large serving of various curries, meats, and breads designed for sharing among family members. | Families, Groups |
| Light Meals | Roti Prata | Crispy, flat Indian bread served with curry or sugar. A versatile snack or meal for all ages. | Kids, Light eaters |
| Signature Dishes | Fish Head Curry | A tangy and spicy curry made with fish head, vegetables, and spices. Ideal for larger groups or family gatherings. | Families, Spice lovers |
| Vegetarian Options | Vegetable Curry | A mild, creamy curry with a variety of vegetables. Perfect for vegetarians or those seeking a lighter meal. | Vegetarians, Health-conscious |
| Rice Dishes | Nasi Briyani | Aromatic rice dish served with curry, chicken or mutton. A hearty and flavorful meal for the whole family. | All family members |
| Kids’ Favorites | Chicken Cutlet | Breaded and fried chicken cutlet served with fries or curry sauce. Mild and easy for children to eat. | Kids, Picky eaters |
| Side Dishes | Mutton Skewers | Tender mutton marinated in spices and grilled. An enjoyable side dish for families to share. | Families, Meat lovers |
| Breads for Sharing | Naan | Soft, pillowy bread perfect for dipping in curry or enjoying with a variety of side dishes. | Families, All ages |
| Soups and Broths | Lentil Soup | A comforting and nutritious soup made with lentils and spices. Light, filling, and great for young children or elders. | All family members |
| Desserts | Gulab Jamun | Sweet, deep-fried dough balls soaked in syrup, perfect for a family dessert after the meal. | All ages, Sweet lovers |
Allergen Information Of CASUARINA CURRY Menu Singapore Table
| Dish Name | Gluten | Dairy | Eggs | Nuts | Seafood | Soy | Sesame | Peanuts | Lupin | Sulphites | Mustard | Celery | Crustaceans | Milk | Other Allergens |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mutton Curry | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | – |
| Chicken Briyani | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | – |
| Fish Head Curry | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | – |
| Roti Prata | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | – |
| Vegetable Sambar | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | – |
| Nasi Lemak | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | – |
| Tandoori Chicken | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | – |
| Paneer Butter Masala | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | – |
| Chili Crab | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | – |
Bulk Order Of CASUARINA CURRY Singapore Menu Table
| No. | Menu Item | Description | Portion Size (Per Order) | Price (SGD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Casuarina Special Curry | A rich, flavorful curry with a blend of spices, served with chicken or mutton | 10 servings | $80 |
| 2 | Fish Head Curry | A spicy and tangy curry made with fish head, cooked with vegetables | 8 servings | $95 |
| 3 | Mutton Korma | Slow-cooked mutton in a creamy, aromatic gravy | 10 servings | $85 |
| 4 | Butter Chicken | Tender chicken pieces in a rich butter-based gravy | 10 servings | $90 |
| 5 | Nasi Briyani | Fragrant rice dish with your choice of chicken or mutton | 15 servings | $95 |
| 6 | Roti Prata (Plain) | Flaky, crispy flatbread perfect for dipping in curry | 20 pieces | $30 |
| 7 | Roti Prata (Egg) | A version of roti prata with a soft egg filling | 20 pieces | $40 |
| 8 | Vegetable Curry | A spicy curry with mixed vegetables and a medley of spices | 10 servings | $50 |
| 9 | Chicken Tikka | Marinated chicken grilled to perfection | 10 pieces | $60 |
| 10 | Sambal Stingray | Grilled stingray served with spicy sambal sauce | 1 large serving | $45 |
| 11 | Mutton Roti John | A sandwich-style roti filled with mutton and spices | 10 servings | $65 |
| 12 | Casuarina Special Fried Rice | Fried rice with a mix of vegetables and choice of meat | 10 servings | $70 |
| 13 | Tandoori Chicken | Marinated chicken cooked in a traditional clay oven | 10 pieces | $75 |
| 14 | Prawn Masala | Prawns cooked in a flavorful masala sauce | 8 servings | $90 |
| 15 | Mango Lassi | A refreshing yogurt drink with mango flavor | 10 glasses | $40 |
| 16 | Gulab Jamun | Sweet syrup-soaked dessert balls | 20 pieces | $35 |
| 17 | Teh Tarik (Milk Tea) | Traditional pulled milk tea | 10 glasses | $25 |
Nutrition Information Of CASUARINA CURRY Singapore Menu Table
| Dish Name | Calories (kcal) | Protein (g) | Carbs (g) | Fat (g) | Fiber (g) | Sodium (mg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chicken Curry (Regular) | 350 | 24 | 12 | 22 | 3 | 800 |
| Mutton Curry (Regular) | 450 | 28 | 16 | 30 | 4 | 950 |
| Fish Head Curry (Small) | 300 | 22 | 8 | 18 | 2 | 650 |
| Vegetable Curry (Small) | 220 | 5 | 30 | 10 | 6 | 500 |
| Roti Prata (Plain) | 260 | 5 | 30 | 12 | 2 | 350 |
| Nasi Lemak with Chicken | 650 | 28 | 80 | 25 | 4 | 900 |
| Nasi Briyani with Mutton | 700 | 35 | 90 | 30 | 6 | 1000 |
| Sambal Stingray (Grilled) | 320 | 28 | 6 | 22 | 3 | 700 |
| Cucumber Salad | 50 | 1 | 11 | 0 | 3 | 150 |
| Ice Kachang (Dessert) | 200 | 2 | 50 | 0 | 1 | 50 |
| Teh Tarik (Sweetened) | 150 | 3 | 20 | 7 | 0 | 60 |
| Mango Lassi | 180 | 4 | 30 | 6 | 0 | 70 |
05 Famous Dishes at CASUARINA CURRY MENU SINGAPORE
- Roti Jala: Delicate, lacy crepes that are perfect for soaking up flavorful curries, offering a unique texture and taste.
- Roti Prata: A crispy, flaky flatbread that’s a staple at Casuarina Curry. Served plain or with various fillings, it’s perfect when paired with their flavorful curries.
- Mutton Curry: Tender mutton pieces simmered in a rich, aromatic curry sauce, offering a hearty and satisfying experience.
- Fish Head Curry: A signature dish featuring a succulent fish head cooked in a spicy and tangy curry, infused with traditional spices.
- Paper Thosai: A thin, crispy crepe made from fermented rice batter, often enjoyed with a variety of chutneys and sambar.
05 Alternative Restaurant of CASUARINA CURRY MENU SINGAPORE
- Mr & Mrs Moghans Super Crispy Prata: Renowned for their exceptionally crispy prata, this eatery offers a variety of Indian dishes in a casual setting.
- Himalaya Kitchen: This restaurant provides a range of Indian and Nepalese dishes, offering a unique blend of flavors in a cozy atmosphere.
- Julaiha Muslim Restaurant: Known for its traditional Indian-Muslim cuisine, Julaiha offers a variety of dishes, including popular favorites like prata and murtabak.
- Gayatri Restaurant: Located in Little India, Gayatri is celebrated for its authentic South Indian cuisine, including a variety of curries and tandoori dishes.
- Komala Vilas Restaurant: A long-standing establishment in Little India, Komala Vilas is famous for its vegetarian South Indian meals served on banana leaves, offering an authentic dining experience.
FAQs about CASUARINA CURRY MENU SINGAPORE
- What is Casuarina Curry?
- Casuarina Curry is a renowned Indian restaurant in Singapore, celebrated for its authentic Indian cuisine, especially its crispy prata and flavorful curries.
- Is Casuarina Curry Halal?
- Yes, Casuarina Curry is Halal-certified, ensuring that all its dishes comply with Halal dietary guidelines.
- How many Casuarina Curry outlets are there in Singapore?
- Casuarina Curry operates multiple outlets across Singapore, including locations at Casuarina Road, MacPherson Road, and Sixth Avenue.
- What type of cuisine does Casuarina Curry offer?
- Casuarina Curry specializes in Indian cuisine, offering a diverse menu that features items like prata, murtabak, briyani, and various curries.
- What makes Casuarina Curry unique?
- Casuarina Curry stands out for its “Prata on the Spot” service, where pratas are freshly prepared upon order, ensuring a crispy and warm experience for diners.
- Does Casuarina Curry offer delivery services?
- Yes, Casuarina Curry provides delivery services, allowing customers to enjoy their favorite dishes at home.
Conclusion
Craving authentic Indian food in Singapore? Casuarina Curry offers crispy prata, rich curries & biryani at great prices! A halal-certified favorite, it’s perfect for dine-in, takeaway & delivery. Visit Casuarina Curry Singapore today!
Disclaimer: SgMenusPro has carefully researched to bring-up this menu for its users. Further, Menu Prices, Images, and Other details have been sourced directly from the official sources listed below:
